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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in geological formations is becoming a key technology for the permanent reduction of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Pilot-scale projects with small volumes of injected CO2 are important, as they provide well controlled conditions that enable testing, validation, and quantification of these monitoring technologies.

The job of a petroleum geoscientist is rapidly transforming into a role that requires proficiency with statistical concepts and data management. The goal of this primer is to provide the reader, through words, basic examples and images, an understanding of some of the basic principles behind the semivariogram/variogram, a statistical tool, that geoscientists can use to understand how their spatial data is changing over distance.

This is the second part of a two-part paper. This part of the paper explores some of the most recent advances in using seismic data for oil sands reservoirs. These are Time-lapse (4D) Inversion for SAGD; Predicting where Bitumen has been Liquified using PS-4D Seismic Data; 4D Time-Lapse Full Waveform Inversion for the SAGD Steam Chamber Imaging; 3D DAS FWI for the SAGD Steam Chamber Imaging; The role of Geophysics in Emission Reductions; Conclusions.

Our world has changed, and with it, there will be changes on what we publish. There will be tough topics you may not agree with, but others may. There are certain things about climate change that are now becoming accepted scientific theories, as with evolution or plate tectonics in the past. We need to come to terms with the fact that most of our investors and oil and gas operators want to lower emissions.

In this article, we will explore the basics of the well tie to seismic, starting with some basic seismic acquisition and processing concepts, definition and type of wavelets and a case study that will show the impact of using a wrong estimation of the time-depth relationship (obtained from the well tie process) in future workflows such as seismic inversion.